In the following centuries, increasingly sophisticated waterpower mills were built throughout the Roman Empire and beyond its boundaries in the Middle East and northern Europe. in the Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia. The earliest waterpower mills were probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn, known as Norse or Greek mills, which seem to have appeared during the first or second century B.C. This device appears to have evolved no later than the fifth century B.C., perhaps independently in different regions of the Middle and Far East. No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was invented, but irrigation systems existed at least 5,000 years ago, and it seems probable that the earliest waterpower device was the noria, a waterwheel that raised water for irrigation in attached jars. Moving water was one of the earliest energy sources to be harnessed to reduce the workload of people and animals.
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